What Is the Clean Air Act

Youve probably heard about the Clean Air Acts and can figure out they have something to do with air pollution, but what else do you know about Clean Air Act legislation? Heres a look at the Clean Air Acts and answers to some common questions about them. The Clean Air Act The Clean Air Act is the name of any of several pieces of legislation aimed at reducing smog and other types of air pollution. In the United States, the Clean Air Acts include the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, Clean Air Act of 1963, Air Quality Act of 1967, the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970, and Clean Air Act Amendments in 1977 and 1990. State and local governments have passed supplemental legislation to fill in gaps left by the federal mandates. The Clean Air Acts have addressed acid rain, ozone depletion, and the emission of atmospheric toxins. The laws have included provisions for emissions trading and a national permits program. The amendments established requirements for gasoline reformulation. In Canada, there have been two acts with the name Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act of the 1970s regulated the atmospheric release of asbestos, lead, mercury, and vinyl chloride. This Act was replaced by the Canadian Environmental Protection Act in the year 2000. The second Clean Air Act (2006) was directed against smog and greenhouse gas emissions. In the United Kingdom, the Clean Air Act of 1956 legislated zones for smokeless fuels and relocated power stations to rural areas. The Clean Air Act of 1968 introduced tall chimneys to disperse air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels. State Programs In the United States, several states have added their own programs to prevent or clean up air pollution. For example, California has the Clean Air Project, aimed to offer smoke-free gaming at tribal casinos. Illinois has the Illinois Citizens for Clean Air and Water, which is a group dedicated to reducing the environmental impact of large-scale livestock production. Oregon passed the Indoor Clean Air Act, which prohibits smoking in indoor workspaces and within 10 feet of a building entrance. Oklahomas Breathe Easy statutes are similar to the Oregon act, prohibiting smoking in indoor workplaces and public buildings. Several states require vehicle emission testing to limit pollution released by automobiles. Impact of the Clean Air Acts The legislation has led to the development of better pollution dispersion models. Critics say the Clean Air Acts have cut into corporate profits and have led companies to relocate, while proponents say the Acts have improved air quality, which has improved human and environmental health, and have created more jobs than they have eliminated. The Clean Air Acts are considered to be among the most comprehensive environmental laws in the world. In the United States, the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 was the countrys first environmental law. It was the first major environmental law to make a provision for citizen suits.

Analysis Of The Book Special Bond - 936 Words

Special Bond (Critique on the Ending from the Parable of the Prodigal Son) Parents and their children have such a special bond that is not comparable to others. Children screw up a lot and parents always forgive their kids in the end no matter what the situation. The screw ups happen probably more often than parents would like, but that is part of the learning process for kids as they grow up. This is exactly what happens in the story from the Parable of the Prodigal Son from The King James Bible Luke 15:11-32. In this story a son is granted a fortune from his father because he wants to leave his home. The father agrees and grants the kid this fortune and the kid runs off and disappears for a while. The kid randomly shows back up, not having spoken to any of the family since his departure, only to tell them he is back because he lost all of his money. He blew it on a bunch of gambling and women basically. The way the father reacts and treats the return of his son is somewhat understanding, but in other senses I don’t agree with how he treats his son on the return of this. To begin with, I totally agree with the fact that the father is extremely excited that his son is alive and back. Like I said, a parent and child have such an amazing bond that any parent would be beyond happy to know their child is still alive and well. When you haven’t heard from your kid in such a long time and you begin to think that they are dead, any parent would be overjoyed at the sight. Like itShow MoreRelatedData And Methodology For Research1279 Words   |  6 PagesMETHODOLOGY In this chapter, data collected for analysis will be discussed. The paper will continue with discussion of the variables included in the sample. Relevance of the variables for the research will be assessed basing on theoretical and empirical evidence. 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IOT-Home Automation System-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the IOT Home Automation. Answer: Introduction Internet of things or IOT makes use of the internet in controlling or monitoring the different devices remotely (Yang, 2014). Home Automation system is an excellent example of Internet of things and is widely used in modern houses for controlling the household appliances. With the application of Internet of things, the house can be controlled simply with a Smartphone or a wireless remote. Problem definition The major problem of physical controlling of the household devices is that, it becomes impossible to keep a track of the applications running within the house. This is particularly because of the location of the convectional wall switches that are widespread over the whole household. Thus, it makes the process more difficult to control. Moreover, accessing or operating the switches might be difficult for the aged and physically disabled members of the house. Automating the Home appliances using internet of things will particularly help in dealing with the problem more efficiently and thus this project is proposed. Solution with features Home Automation system will help to deal with the problem stated above as it not only control the appliances running within a household but also ensures the security of the house. It helps in ensuring that all the doors and windows of the house are closed. Home automation system provides certain additional benefits such as feeding the pets in the house, automating the doorbell by sending an email and so on (Lee et al., 2013). Figure 1: Representing the Home Automation System Source: (Gurek et al., 2013) The most striking features of the proposed project Home Automation system are elaborated below (Domingo, 2012) - 1) The system controls all the appliances present in a household over wife or internet. It is done by connecting a microcontroller with every devices present within the house. 2) The whole system can be controlled using a Smartphone app. Reminder and automatic switching on and off features in the devices can be set with the help of the app. 3) This system gives remote accessibility to the household devices. The owner can control his or her house or feed their pets sitting at the office. 4) This system helps in energy management of the appliances running in the house by ensuring their timely switch on and off automatically. This helps in efficient energy management and helps in reducing the utility expenses. 5) the most significant feature of home automation system is that it helps in connecting all the electronic devices together so as they perform as a unified system (Want, Schilit Jenson, 2015). 6) The system is upgradable and thus there is no significant problem if the house incorporates ore appliances or the people of the house move to another house in future. How it works? Home automation system makes the use of a strong dealer network to tie and control every appliances of the house. This network coordinates with all the appliances and controls it over the internet. This is ascertained by attaching a microcontroller with the appliances and the devices present in the house. This microcontroller is generally connected with the system over Wi-Fi. The user sends commands to the devices over this network. For controlling the appliances like fan and light of the rooms, a sensor is attached with the appliances that monitor the presence of human in the room. It switches on automatically when a person enters the rooms and switches off when nobody in present in the room (Lee et al., 2013). This can be controlled by a wireless remote or a Smartphone app according to the users wish. Figure 2: Representing the Wi-Fi based home automation system Source: (Gurek et al., 2013) Project Overview The system will be designed in such a way that it is able to sense and monitor all the present appliances in a house using a microcontroller and internet (Piyare, 2013). The structure of the project is elaborated below with the help of a diagram. Figure 3: Representing the structure of Wi-Fi based home automation system Source: (Gurek et al., 2013) The above picture clearly depicts how a home automation system works wirelessly over a strong Wi-Fi connection. Pros and cons The Pros of home automation system are elaborated below (ElShafee Hamed, 2012)- 1) It is convenient and easy to use. Once installed properly, it requires less or negligible maintenance. 2) The system ensures proper security of the house with the features of automatic closing of doors and windows present in the house. 3) Helps in proper energy management in the house and makes the house a comfortable place to stay in. The Cons of this system are as follows- 1) Heavy installation cost and complex installation procedure. 2) The whole system fails if one connection is hampered. Conclusion Therefore, form the above discussion, it can be concluded that this project can be safely implemented to increase the efficiency and comfort of the home. It has widespread advantages and is easy to operate. It System will mainly be beneficial for the elderly, disabled and working member of the house. However, the installation procedure is quite complex and needs proper monitoring. References Domingo, M. C. (2012). An overview of the Internet of Things for people with disabilities.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,35(2), 584-596. ElShafee, A., Hamed, K. A. (2012). Design and implementation of a WIFI based home automation system.World academy of science, engineering and technology,68, 2177-2180. Gurek, A., Gur, C., Gurakin, C., Akdeniz, M., Metin, S. K., Korkmaz, I. (2013, December). An android based home automation system. InHigh Capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies (HONET-CNS), 2013 10th International Conference on(pp. 121-125). IEEE. Lee, G. M., Crespi, N., Choi, J. K., Boussard, M. (2013). Internet of things. InEvolution of Telecommunication Services(pp. 257-282). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Piyare, R. (2013). Internet of things: ubiquitous home control and monitoring system using android based smart phone.International Journal of Internet of Things,2(1), 5-11. Want, R., Schilit, B. N., Jenson, S. (2015). Enabling the internet of things.Computer,48(1), 28-35. Yang, S. H. (2014). Internet of things. InWireless Sensor Networks(pp. 247-261). Springer London.

Listo Systems Essay Essay Example

Listo Systems Essay Essay Listo Systems direction decide to implement â€Å" Black Box† . a new anti larceny informations security system to undertake recent addition in informations larceny. The new anti larceny system will act upon the motion of informations every bit good as the working manner of full staffs. Cami Machado. an experient staffs of Listo system who was managing â€Å" traffic† undertaking and proficient staff preparations and support is chosen to take â€Å" Black Box† installing undertaking. Sing her first-class path record to implement new hardware and package. company chose her to take the undertaking. She is excited about the concern chances traveling to make by installing of new â€Å" Black Box† undertaking. However. the installing procedure will non be easy. as it seems. We will write a custom essay sample on Listo Systems Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Listo Systems Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Listo Systems Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She is confident about her ability in successfully put ining â€Å" Black Box† but worried about the staffs opposing the procedure of installing. Most of the proficient staffs are against this undertaking. Further. artists’ staffs believe that the great impact of this undertaking will be on creativeness procedure. In add-on to this. installing of this undertaking will increase the hazard of fring originative staffs to challengers who do non hold â€Å" Black Box technology† . Causal variables â€Å"Causal variables are those factors that influence the class of developments within an organisation and its consequences or achievements. These variables are within the organization’s control and can be altered by the organization† ( Hersey. Blanchard A ; Johnson. 2008 ) . In this instance. â€Å"Black Box† is the causal variables. This undertaking has ability to act upon Listo development procedure every bit good as the terminal consequences or achievements of Listo. Further. â€Å"Black Box† execution determination is wholly under control of Listo direction and the determination of installing can be changed by the Listo direction if they want to. Intervening variables The human resources that are affected by the determination of Listo System of implementing Black Box ( Causal variable ) are step ining variables ( Hersey. Blanchard A ; Johnson. 2008 ) . The current status of most of the Listo’s proficient staffs and artists’ staffs who are defying the installing of Black Box are step ining variables in this status. Most these step ining variables ( proficient and creative persons staffs ) will choose to go forth the Listo for rivals if there demand is overlooked. Potential end product variables Potential end product variables are the dependent variables that reflect the accomplishments of the organisation ( Hersey. Blanchard A ; Johnson. 2008 ) . The extends to which the â€Å" Black Box† can command the hacking and informations larceny of Listo system will be the possible end product variables. The end product variables in this will depend on the proper installing of â€Å" Black Box† and the committedness and motive shown by step ining variables ( proficient and creative persons staffs ) towards the aim of this undertaking. If I were Cami After thorough analysis of insouciant. intervening and stop consequence variables. I have found that insouciant variable is cardinal of three variables. Casual variable create state of affairs of step ining variables. which will hold great impact on terminal consequences variables. Trying to alter step ining variables will non alter the terminal consequence variable by much instead seeking to alter insouciant variables will be effectual on both intervening and stop consequence variables ( Hersey. Blanchard A ; Johnson. 2008 ) . In this instance. seeking to alter the attitude of proficient staffs and creative persons staffs will be much less consequence on terminal consequences variables. Alternatively. I would instead bespeak suggestion ( aid ) from those apposing staffs on how to implement this new undertaking to fulfill their complain. Modifying Black Box installing undertaking harmonizing to their petition will better terminal consequence variables. If I were foreman If I were Cami foreman. I would concentrate my clip on motive and commanding. The planning to put in â€Å" Black Box† and organisation require to put in â€Å"Black Box† is already finished. Now. I have to concentrate all my attending on commanding that everything is traveling harmonizing to the program. If non. what commanding step should I need to take to convey undertaking on path. Further. to heighten efficiency. employees’ motive is necessary. Being foreman. it is my duties to actuate employees to travel frontward to achievement of organisation ends.

Buisness to Budsiness Marketing Plan

Buisness to Budsiness Marketing Plan Free Online Research Papers ABSTRACT Canterbury spice man (CSM) is a distributor of spicy sources in the United Kingdom its principle owner Mr. Rizal Ahmad secured the exclusive right to distribute a range of spicy sauces in the UK. (CSM) believes that the major markets for these products are in London, Birmingham, Manchester and Bradford. The company is planning to import 25,000 cases a year from suppliers in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. It intends to keep the original brand names on half the product range and stick the ‘Spice Man’ labels on the other half. The company plans to distribute the following sauces- rending sauce from Indonesia, fried rice sauce from Indonesia, curry noodle sauce from Thailand, curry sauces from Malaysia and sweet and sour sauces from Thailand. The average cost to CSM of a case (12 jars) of any of these sauces â€Å"CIF† at Southampton is estimated to be about  £6. As Canterbury Spice Man’s management have limited marketing experience, myself and my designated group of marketing consultants were appointed to act as consultants for Canterbury spice man to assess and analyze the difficulties and provide a marketing plan which includes the recommendations on the channels of distribution that should be used, the market offerings proposed for intermediaries/ channel members and recommendations of the specific strategies that Canterbury spice man should use to develop and maintain effective business relations which are believed to be needed. This report shows research material and appropriate assessments carried out by my self and my marketing team, which involves developing a well structured marketing plan; my individual recommendations and assessments; the required distribution channels recommended which include wholesalers, restaurants, supermarkets, etc; our proposed market offerings to channel members and the marketing strategies which could be used by Canterbury spice man in distributing its brand of spicy sauces. INTRODUCTION Marketing is the art of communicating a products presence and abilities to its target market in an attractive and buyable format. Canterbury spice man like millions of companies has the onus of selling a new fangled brand to a chosen target market in the United Kingdom. His product range includes five types of spicy sauces which are to be distributed to four cities; London, Birmingham, Manchester and Bradford, in the United Kingdom. His sales capacity is 25,000 cases; of 12 bottles, per annum. The objective of this report is therefore to present warranted recommendation on distribution channels, the market offerings for such channels and to offer a comprehensive strategic marketing plan for Canterbury spice man to develop and maintain effective business relations This market plan will show Canterbury Spice Man (CSM) the distribution channels available to him in his target areas as well as a recommend to him channel of distribution to use. Distribution is an important part of the 4 aspects of marketing. A distributor is the middle man between the manufacturer and retailer. After a product is manufactured it is typically shipped and usually sold to a distributor. The distributor then sells the product to the retailers or customers. The distribution channel chosen for CSM is based on the market for his product, the availability of these channels of distribution; their advantages and disadvantages; and a low cost budget. These channels include both direct and indirect sales mediums, they are; Trade fairs, wholesalers, and retailers. Haven recommended a channel of distribution I have itemized market offerings that CSM can use to attract these distributors and secure a relationship with them. They are discount services, free deliveries, JIT delivery, credit facilities and advertising. These market offerings recommended are further analyzed based on their cost and benefits to Canterbury spice man. They are uniquely put together to accommodate the specified target areas as well to ensure CSM makes a profit from sales. Finally, the market offering are valued based on their critical and financial value to members of the chosen distribution channel. This value when presented to the chosen wholesalers, retailers and restaurants will help develop a business relationship. However it is paramount that such relationships be properly maintained. Positive maintenance lies in the areas of flexibility, dependability and kaizen. This analysis would form the basis a market plan that CSM would follow to achieve a success in this financial year Distribution channels When choosing a distribution strategy CSM must determine what value a channel member adds to its products. Customers assess a products value by looking at many factors including those that surround the product (augmented product). Several surrounding features can be directly influenced by channel members, such as customer service, delivery, and availability. Consequently, for CSM selecting a channel partner involves a value analysis in the same way customers make purchase decisions. That is, CSM must assess the benefits received from utilizing a channel partner versus the cost incurred for using the services. Mr. Rizal Ahmad has decided to import 25,000 cases of spicy sauces per annum and to remove the brand name on 12,500 of these cases and replace them with the CSM logo. In order to move this stock of varied sauces; which include, rending sauce from Indonesia, fried rice sauce from Indonesia, curry noodle sauce from Thailand, curry sauces from Malaysia and sweet and sour sauces from Thailand, he needs to effectively distribute approximately 2090 cases per month between four chosen locations. These locations are London, Birmingham, Bradford and Manchester. There are various types of distribution channels that CSM can employ and due to the dual nature of his products the chosen channels of distribution are categorized into two; direct and indirect sales. Direct selling channels include Bids and tenders, online shops, Sales Team for face-to-face selling, Sales Team for telephone selling and Trade shows and exhibitions. On the other hand indirect selling channels include wholesalers, retailers, resellers, and sales agents. The relevant aspects of direct selling which are inline with the product type that CSM offers are: an online store, sales team for fa ce-to-face selling and trade fairs and exhibitions. Indirect selling on the other hand offers more value to CSM. Its relevant types are; wholesalers and retailers. Direct Selling The 12,500 cases of spices which are not branded by the CSM logo will be directly sold to the restaurants located in two of the geographic areas chosen. They are London and Birmingham. This is because they are both highly populated with people of ethnic origin and restaurants characterized by spicy foods. In order to effectively move this stock this means 520 cases need to be delivered to each of these locations per month (1040 cases in total). The Criteria for Direct Sales The criteria for direct sales to any end user are as follows; the customers are large and well defined; the customers insist on direct sales; sales involve extensive negotiations with upper management and control of the selling job is necessary to ensure proper implementation of the total product package and guarantee a quick response to market conditions. The market The market for restaurants in London and Birmingham is a large and well defined market. London’s ethnic importance for CSM London has an exciting cultural diversity; with over 300 languages in regular use and with 200 communities represented in the population. London represents the World in one city (London 2012, 2007). The London region is by some distance, the most ethnically diverse in Britain. People from ethnic minority groups made up 40% of its population at the time of the 2001 census. Within Greater London, more than 50 ethnic groups are represented in numbers of 10,000 or more. Out of every 1,000 people, on average: 597 are White British, 120 are Asian, 114 are White non-British, 109 are Black, 32 are of mixed race and 11 are Chinese (Commission for racial equity, 2007) London’s sophisticated tastes and rich ethnic mix create a huge receptive market of innovation and distribution for CSM. In London chefs are the new celebrities and new food experiences are part of everyday life. London offers a consumer market of goodies with consumer spending on eating out reaching $8 billion, 30% more than the UK average. London’s strong restaurant culture, with the full range of restaurants (over 6,000) from ethnic fast food to top chefs, serve dishes for over 70 different countries worldwide. In addition London is also home to around 5,700 retail food and drink outlets, in the UK (think London, 2005). Birmingham’s ethnic importance for CSM Birmingham, home to almost a million people, is the second most diverse city in Britain. According to the 2001 census, people from ethnic minority groups accounts for more than a third of its population. It has the largest concentrations of many groups outside of London, particularly Asians and Black Caribbean’s. In two districts; Washwood Heath and Bordsley Green, both to the east of the city centre, Pakistanis form the majority ethnic group that is, more Pakistanis live there than all other ethnic groups combined (including whites). The ethnic Pakistani population in Birmingham predominantly originates from the Mirpur district of Azad Kashmir. The city exhibits very extreme concentrations of particular ethnic groups, with the Pakistani predomination in the east and a large Indian population in the north-west of the city centre. One in five people in the entire city are Asian; a total of 191,000 people. Put another way, nearly half of all south Asians in the West Midlands live in Birmingham. Of those, more than half (104,000) are Pakistani, 56,000 are Indian and 21,000 Bangladeshi. (Commission for racial equity, 2007). Do customers insist on direct Sales? Although they do not necessarily demand direct sales, the volume of demand in individual restaurants places a need for the Just -In -Time production of food. A direct sale to these restaurants will help them fulfill these needs. On- going Negotiations of Sale As the volume of CSM products demanded by restaurants increase these restaurants would demand better service and better prices. In order, to be ahead of the competition, these relationships need to be managed. Therefore direct sales will ensure that upper management is happy and sales levels are managed properly Control of the Selling Job. This is especially necessary for restaurants in order to educate them on how these spices can be used and to guarantee just in time delivery, since this is the nature of their business. Types of Direct Selling Direct sales tactics such as face-to-face selling, an online store and trade fairs and exhibitions can be used to create awareness to restaurants about the product ranges and delivery services that CSM offers. Face- to – face Selling: This involves employing a sales team to sell products on a one-on-one basis to potential customers. It is important to use this method of direct sales when for example, your product is high-value and you only need a few sales to achieve your business objectives; the product is a luxury item that demands high level of involvement from the sales person; the features and benefits of the product need to be explained in detail; the sales cycle (ie from initial interest to making a purchase) is very long; and the decision to buy rests with more than one person. Advantages and Disadvantages The face- to-face sales method will create exact awareness to target customers and is especially good for building the brand name in the restaurant market. It will ensure that CSM knows the exact need of individual restaurants and enable him to deliver accordingly. However, a large disadvantage for this method of sales is that it involves a lot of time, energy and high labour costs. It would be very expensive for Canterbury spice man to get sales men to sell door to door, to every restaurant in London, Manchester, Birmingham, and Bradford. An online Shop This involves the sales of goods and services on a website. This sort of selling can work if products are well defined; there are fixed prices for all types of potential customers; products can be delivered within a predictable lead time; there is high volume of sales and low to mid-value products. In order to set up an online store you need to set up shopping cart facilities on your web page, a payment system, a back-end order processing system to prepare package and post the goods and to manage any returns, and a system to keep track of the payments. Advantages and Disadvantages This can be beneficial to Canterbury Spice Man for the following reasons. They include increased sales for CSM spices, decreased cost of sales in terms of managing sales and distribution depots, and greater publicity; since the worldwide web is available to everyone. Conversely however the disadvantages of selling online is firstly high competition levels on the web, the fact that consumers might need spices immediately and do not have time to wait for the lead time involved in delivery, high delivery cost in form of singular postage and package and non-specific sales. If the sales made are not specific, Canterbury Spice man will not know where to expect repeat demand from and who to build relationships with. Furthermore, the biggest challenge Canterbury Spice man will face in online store is that of a non-established brand. Consumers are likely to go for the brand names they are familiar with online than try new things with no recommendation. If it was in a store it would be that s tore recommending the CSM sauce to them however a CSM owned website will not be sufficient to recommend itself. Trade Fairs and Exhibitions A trade fair or trade show is an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their new products and services. Some trade fairs are opend to the public, while others can only be attended by company representatives (members of the trade) and members of the press, therefore tradeshows are classified as either â€Å"public† or â€Å"trade only†. Trade fairs often involve a considerable marketing investment by participating companies. Costs include space rental, display design and construction, telecommunications and networking, travel, accommodations, promotional literature, and â€Å"give away† items. In addition costs are incurred at the show for services such as electrical, booth cleaning, internet services, floral decoration within the booth and drayage. Cities often promote trade shows as a means of economic development. There are a number of trade fairs are held in UK, however there are 14 trade fairs to be held in the Catering food processing and wine sector in the next 2 years. Nine of these exhibitions are held in Birmingham and Eight in London (Trade Fairs and Exhibitions, 2007). Canterbury Spice Man can take advantage of these trade fairs to make his brand known to other retailers in the food industry and from these gain monthly orders. Advantages and disadvantages It is very advantageous for Canterbury spice man to participate in trade fairs as it would give him contact with all sorts of consumers (restaurants, wholesalers, etc) in the food industry. The contacts he gets here would create a ripple effect in the right market. Trade fairs are an effective platform to introduce and market new products since the reason why people attend trade fairs is to see what is new. Canterbury spice man will also get immediate feedback on his product range from all customers. Furthermore he can recruit dealers and set up distribution channels at these trade fairs. It is also a good opportunity for CSM to check out the competition in order to establish a strategic market plan. Trade fairs also offer media exposure to all attending exhibitors which will create more awareness of CSM’s product range and services press releases and magazines do reports on these trade fairs and exhibitions. The adverse side to participation in trade fairs is strong an act ive presence of competitors as well as the cost of setting up a stand.. INDIRECT SELLING Members of the distribution channel are specialists in what they do and can often perform tasks better and at lower cost than companies who do not have distribution experience. Marketers attempting to handle too many aspects of distribution may end up exhausting company resources as they learn how to distribute, resulting in the company being â€Å"a jack of all trades but master of none†. Indirect distribution uses at least one type of intermediary, if not more .CSM should focus on two specific areas for its indirect sales as mentioned earlier; these are wholesalers and retailers. Types of Indirect Selling Wholesalers The wholesalers are the first point of contact in the distributive channel that Canterbury spice man must undertake. The benefits wholesalers offer to members of the channel can be significant. Distribution decisions, through specific benefits vary by type of wholesaler. Yet there are two particular benefits CSM could gain. One for suppliers and one for retailers that are common to most wholesale operations. Advantages Firstly, wholesalers can help CSM by providing various customers access to its products- wholesalers are in business to provide products and services to buyers (e.g. retailers) who either cannot purchase directly from CSM because their purchase quantities are too low to meet CSMs minimum order requirements or, if they purchase directly from suppliers will pay higher prices compared to bigger retailers who obtain better pricing by purchasing in greater quantities. Secondly, since wholesalers sell to large number of buyers their order quantities may match those of large retailers thus allowing them to obtain lower prices from suppliers. Wholesalers can then pass these lower prices along to their buyers, which can enable smaller retailers to remain competitive with larger rivals. In this way transacting through wholesalers is often the only way certain retailers can stay in business. Thirdly, by employing the service of a wholesaler CSM is providing smaller retailers access to products they cannot acquire without wholesaler help offers a benefit for suppliers as well since it opens additional market opportunities for suppliers. Namely, suppliers can have their products purchased and made available for sale across a wide number of retail outlets. More importantly, for a company offering a new product, convincing a few wholesalers to stock a new product may make it easier to gain traction in the market as the wholesaler can yield power with the smaller retailers convincing them to stock the new product. Considering a wholesaler can serve hundreds of small retail customers, the market efforts persuading the wholesaler to adopt a new product may be far more efficient compared to efforts needed to convince individual store owners to stock the new product. (knowthis.com, 2007). Disadvantages Wholesalers will have a key interest in CSM having the required quantities of the different sauces at required times and for CSM to provide a JIT service. These sauces must meet UK food and packaging standards and adhere to the strict guidelines. The wholesalers are interested in the shelf life of the products due to the length of the distribution channel. Finally CSM might also face a challenge in convincing wholesaler to stock these new-fangled products. Retailers In today’s dynamic retail environment, CSM must recognize the importance of reaching consumers wherever they shop. ‘Retailing includes all the activities involved in selling goods and services directly to final consumers for there personal non business use.’ (Kotler, 1988 pg 554) A retailer or a retail store is therefore any business enterprise whose sales volume primarily comes from retailing. There are various types of retail organizations however we will focus on store retailers. The major types of store retailers include specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets, convenient stores, superstores, discount store, warehouse stores and catalogue showroom. It is recommended that Canterbury spice man distributes to large store retailers such as specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets and discount stores; since small stores will get CSM stock from wholesalers. Advantages Retailers offer many benefits to suppliers and customers. For suppliers the most important benefits relate to offering opportunities to reach their target market, build product demand through retail promotions, and provide consumer feedback to the product marketer. Disadvantages Retailers would like to know how CSMs products need storing, the quality of the products, how quickly the sauces can be delivered. Retailers are more than likely to demand exclusivity rights to products they stock. CSM could experience a loss of autonomy and flexibility, and gain a dependence on the buyer (e.g large retailers) this will also lead to CSM having a weaker negotiating position and would begin to share its confidential cost and other information with these large retailers. Channel Recommendations Based on all the information gathered it is recommended that Canterbury spice man follows a distribution channel that involves both direct and indirect sales. I recommend that he sells directly to restaurants in London and Birmingham through the agency of trade fairs and exhibitions. There about 16 expected to be held between the two cities. Trade fairs will augment his product in the exact way he wants, it since he is in charge of its sales to restaurants. However its costs are the disadvantages mentioned above. I also recommend that he further distributes his sauces via wholesalers in all four cites. These wholesalers while help ensure that CSM products are available to small retailers and convenience stores. He can also make these products available to large retailers such as: super markets, specialty stores, discount stores and department stores. Logistics and numbers Logistics refers to designing and managing all activities necessary to make materials available for production or to offer finished products to customers when, where and in the condition they are needed. 520 cases per month need to be distributed to each of the locations in order to effectively move stock by the end of CSM’s financial year. The wholesalers can stock more goods and for longer periods of time, retailers will take lower quantities at a more frequent rate and restaurants will simply order when they need stock. It is therefore recommend that CSM operates a JIT delivery system to all members of the distribution channel. Canterbury spice man can secure orders from restaurants and retail specialist stores at trade fairs; however he would have to strategically approach other members of the distribution channel in order to secure orders. Market Offerings Canterbury Spice Man is a new product in the food and spices industry. It will therefore face a challenge in gaining the trust of members of the distribution channel as well as end-consumers. The members of the distributive channel play a big role in convincing consumers to buy this new product range. There is therefore an onus on Canterbury Spice Man to offer incentives to members of the distribution channel in exchange for shelving his products. The market offerings proposed for intermediaries/channel members are; Discount services, Free deliveries, Just-in-time (JIT), Credit Facilities and Advertising. Discount services CSM will have to provide discount services for all members of the distribution channel in order to arrive at the prescribed retail price of  £1.75 per bottle. The cost of buying each packet of 12 spices is  £6 therefore the price of each bottle is 50p. in order to make a 100% markup each case should be sold at  £12 ( £1 per bottle). In providing a discount service to wholesalers and large retailers CSM can sell each case between  £11 and  £12 depending on the quantity of purchase. For example every purchase bellow 500 cases will cost  £12 per case and every purchase of 500 cases and above will cost  £11 each. Deliveries to restaurants which are in smaller quantities will cost a standard  £13 per case however after 6 consecutive orders it becomes  £12.50 per case. The following six consecutive orders will drive down the price to  £11.50 each. These discounts enable members of the distribution channel to make a sizable profit by selling each individual bottle of spice at  £1.75. Costs and Benefits for CSM The recommended retail price for each bottle of spice is a  £1.75, it would therefore mean that a case of 12 would cost  £21 ( £1.75 * 12). It will therefore cost Canterbury spice man a potential  £9 worth of profit when he provides wholesalers with cases at the cost of  £12; and a potential  £8 worth of profit when he provides restaurants with cases at the cost of  £13. It is therefore costing CSM between  £10 and  £7 to provide discount services to members of its distributing channel. On the other hand what Canterbury Spice man will lose in potential profit, he will gain in exponential in terms of sales volume. For example, if CSM sold all the stock of spice by himself at the rate of  £1.75, he would not attract many consumers; however by employing specialist in the distribution channel he is more likely to exhaust the stock of spices by the end of the year. He would be distributing to so many locations at once. Free deliveries There is a standard delivery charge of  £10 per order however for deliveries to wholesalers in quantities of 200 cases and above are free. Deliveries to retailers and restaurants are free after the fifth order. However we recommend that Canterbury spice man has a depot in all four cities in order to minimize delivery costs. Costs and Benefits for CSM The cost involved in delivering CSM products to various members of the distribution channel include Warehouse costs, delivery vans, , depreciation of vehicle, fuel costs and labour cost. The warehouse costs arise from the storage space rented or bought for the purpose of storing goods in the four target localities. The cost of purchasing a delivery van, the cost of fueling it and the depreciation that arises from usage are all part of delivery costs. Further more the wages paid to the drivers who pickup and deliver the CSM goods are factored into the cost of each delivery. It will therefore cost Canterbury spice man a lot to deliver goods free. The benefits of free delivery service however out weigh the said costs free delivery will also act as a loss leader and thus build customer loyalty. Secondly free delivery will result in increased sales volume which will result in increased profit levels and reduction of overhead costs. It should however be noted that others below 200 cases will cost a  £10 delivery charge, and all restaurant orders are note free until the sixth order. Just- in-time (JIT) â€Å"The objective of a JIT system is to eliminate waste of all kinds from the production process – required the delivery of the specified products at the precise time and at the exact quantity needed.† (Hutt, Speh, 2001) CSM will meet just in time requirements of all members in the distribution chain. This will help members of the chain reduce the risk involved in over stocking. This will involve synchronizing with these members production/delivery schedule. Costs and Benefits for CSM Suppliers who are able to meet the required orders of customers JIT requirements will find their share of business growing with the JIT-oriented customer. Meeting JIT requirements often represents a marketing edge, and may mean survival for CSM. Secondly CSM will get immediate feedback on consumer response and behaviour to his products. The costs of JIT include sophisticated computing software which networks production plans and inventory needs of members of the distribution channel with CSM. It will also cost some man hours to insure quick and efficient response to the demands of these members. The major limitation that CSM may face is not having enough stock to satisfy the JIT demands of all members of the distribution chain. Credit Facilities Canterbury spice man will provide wholesalers and retailers with one month credit facility this means goods will be delivered at the beginning of the month and the companies will be invoiced and expected to pay at the end of the month. This service will allow these customers the opportunity to stock in direct relation to monthly demands and to increase (or at least maintain) cash flow. Cost and Benefits The cost of this service will be the required startup capital and corresponding interest rate to meet CSMs monthly expenses prior to payment by wholesalers and retailers. Such monthly expenses would include petty costs such costs as fueling delivery vans purchase of invoicing booklets and other day to day running costs. The benefits of this service are that CSM will secure more orders and will get monthly feed back on consumer behaviour towards his products. Based on this information he can put together informed forecast and resultantly predict the volume of goods to be purchased for the following year. Advertising Advertising costs form a large part of the total costs faced by most companies. For large retailers like Tescos and Morrison, they take advertising campaigns seriously and they take up every space they can get. In order to attract such retailers and similar natured wholesalers, CSM will offer an advertising service to those that shelves its products. CSM will advertise on TV, radio and magazines in each local area and will mention the members of its distribution channel on all its local advertisements. For example a TV AD in Manchester will make consumers aware of the new ‘Spice Man’ brand and the stores in Manchester that shelf these products. Costs and Benefits for CSM CSM will incur advertising costs when placing adverts on TV radio and magazines and news papers in all four localities. However the awareness created by these adverts will increase consumer demand which will increase the sales volume of spices. Further more the adverts which will mention members of the distributive chain in various localities will give incentives for consumer loyalty. Recommendations on market offerings that CSM provides CSM needs to be careful to provide attractive services to the members of his distribution channel as well as to cover all the expenses involved and finally to make a profit. That is to say after providing free delivery advertisement, just in time delivery and discounts, all expenses which were mentioned above must be covered through the price and desired sales volume. Furthermore Canterbury spice man must walk away with a sizable profit. Strategies to Develop and Maintain Business Relationships â€Å"Relationship marketing centers on all activities directed toward establishing, developing and maintaining successful exchanges with customers and other constituents. The nurturing and management of customer relationships has emerged as an important strategic priority in most firms. Loyal customer relationships are far more profitable to keep than those customers who are price sensitive and perceived little differences among alternative offerings. Second, a firm that is successful in developing strong relationships with customers secures important and durable advantages that are hard for competitors to understand, copy, or to displace.† (Hutt, Speh, 2001) These are the reasons why Canterbury Spice Man needs to develop and maintain good relationships with members of his distribution channel. On the other hand prescriptive service methods which will attract CSM to be in strong relations with these channel members are elements such as delivery, flexibility, lead time and technical support. These elements are essential to the smooth flow of products through the product lifecycle. Furthermore, due to the fact that CSM is a new brand name the extent of his market offerings are not yet of obvious importance. He would need to put the financial and critical importance of his market offerings across to these members. Wholesalers and Retailers Financial Offerings CSM is giving wholesalers the opportunity to make btw  £0.45 and  £0.60 worth of profit on each bottle of sauce. Since he sells it to them between  £0.90p  £1.00 per bottle (depending on quantity and repeat order frequency) and the recommended retail price is  £1.75. Large retailers can even make profit levels of between  £0.75p and  £0.85p on each bottle. Furthermore, free delivery, free advertisement and JIT methods ensure that these profit levels are made with minimal cost and risk along side large sales volumes. Therefore for a sales volume of 200cases (which brings free delivery) wholesalers will be making a minimum of  £840 (200cases*12 bottles in a pack*  £0.35 profit per bottle) in profit. Retailers will be making a maximum of  £2040 (200cases * 12 bottles in a pack *  £0.85 profit per bottle) on this same quantity of cases. Critical offerings The biggest problem faced by most firms is that of cash flow and inventory. The JIT service provided by CSM will help wholesalers and retailers, remain at their desired cash flow levels by purchasing what they need not stock buffers. Furthermore, CSM would provide wholesalers and retailers with credit facilities such that they can pay for the goods at the end of the each month. This will help them adjust their order to monthly demand levels. Restaurants Since restaurants need CSM’s products for commercial purpose, they would require larger quantities than end consumers. The financial and critical value of the market offerings provide to restaurants thus be viewed as a two-sided coin. CSM is therefore saving them time, research, travel costs and cash flow. Time, Research and travel Costs: It will take restaurants time to find the right brand to supply all their spicy sauces. It will equally take them time to travel to the stores that stock. The travel cost is not only the cost in fuel and depreciation of asset, but also the cost of man hours, which will either increase labour costs or decrease efficiency of food production. Canterbury Spice man will thus help restaurants save these costs, in conjunction with providing with sauces from their regions of origin at below retail prices. The initial  £60.00 charge for the first six orders will be made back over long-relationship period. Cash Flow: All the costs mentioned above that restaurants will save through dealing with CSM will increase their cash flow levels. The market offerings provided by Canterbury Spice Man will help him develop valuable relationships with the firms he does business with. However, such relationships have to be maintained in order to ensure relationship longevity and resultant revenue. Maintaining the Business to Business Relationships In order to maintain effective business to business relationships CSM must be flexible in his service delivery approach. He must also be dependable; be reliable and able to reduce lead times to the barest minimum. Finally he must create account specific product offerings based on feed back and fore sight of consumer needs are inline with the Japanese continuous improvement methods (Kaizen). For wholesalers and retailers such account specific product offerings would be to maintain and/or increase discount levels as sales volume increases this will enable both party to operate at low cost levels. Retailers and wholesalers can be encouraged to function in sync with Canterbury Spice Man in areas of scheduled stock replenishment this encouragement will come in form of prompt delivery and a free offloading service. It is recommended that CSM operates a kaizen method through regular feed back from all members of his distribution chain. The goods cost a fixed price but the services are deliv ered free or at minimal cost. Furthermore, in order to maintain a long lasting and valuable relationship with restaurants CSM needs to implement strong actor bonds. He must have a representative team that works closely with the restaurant management in the selected restaurants in London and Birmingham. This team will be responsible for follow ups from trade fair orders to restaurants food specifications and requirements. This will ensure that Canterbury spice man will provide the right type of sauces to the specified restaurants at the right time. Thus being flexible, dependable and continually improving. Conclusion and Recommendation In conclusion the product range Canterbury spice man has chosen to deliver comes with a required service level to efficiently and effectively market it. The provision of these services comes with associated market cost and benefits. His chosen distribution channel helps CSM specialize in distribution of authentic sauces. This distribution channel includes wholesalers, retailers and a special group of end consumers; restaurants. To attract members of this channel CSM provides services such as discounts, free deliveries, credit facilities, free advertisement and just in time delivery systems. Furthermore for this first year CSM is allowing members of the distribution chain make more profit on sales of his product than he is. For every 200 cases of sauce delivered he will make an average of minimum of a  £1200 while retailer will make a maximum of  £2040. Based on that pricing at the end of the financial year CSM will make a minimum of  £150 000. This of course is dependent on CSM ability to effectively maintain relationships with all his distributees. Maintaining relationships with businesses is a complex and specific mater which Canterbury spice man has to incorporate into the day to day running of his business. The three main areas that will help keep these business relationships long and valuable are; flexibility, low service costs and kaizen methods. Recommendation In order to ensure effective marketing, I have recommended the following to CSM Employ wholesalers and retailers as members of his distributive channel Employ direct sales methods to market to restaurants in the London and Birmingham area. This is due to high population density and ethnic diversity in these two areas. Provide free and low cost services for members of the distribution channel. Services such as discounts, free deliveries, credit facilities, free advertisement and just in time delivery systems. Finally based on the individual nature of CSMs customers they most provide account specific market offerings in order to maintain valuable and long lasting relationships. Feedback and improvement are adhesives that will hold CSM and members of his distribution chain firmly together. REFERENCES Bibliography Hutt, M.D., Speh, T.W., (2004), â€Å"Business marketing management† 8th Edition, Thomson South-western. Hutt, M.D., Speh, T.W., (2001), â€Å"Business marketing management† 7th Edition, Thomson South-western. Kotler, P., (1988), â€Å"Marketing Management† 6th Edition, prentice-hall International, inc. London 2012, Ethnicity [online] (2007) https://www.london2012.org/en/gettinginvolved/ethnicity Trade fairs and Exhibitions, [online] (2007) www.exhibitions.co.uk Commission for racial equity, ethnicity profiles: London [online] (2007) cre.gov.uk/diversity/map/london/cityoflondon.html Knowthis.com, [online] (2007) www.knowthis.com Think London, [online] (2005) www.thinklondon.com Research Papers on Buisness to Budsiness Marketing PlanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part One

Beatrixs Act Two Monologue from Promedy

Beatrixs Act Two Monologue from Promedy This comedic monologue is from Promedy, a teenage comedy about the senior prom, written by Wade Bradford. This monologue can be used as practice material for a performer, or as a monologue to use at an audition. It is also appropriate as a classroom exercise for drama students, especially for high school classes. Context of the Promedy Monologue In this scene, Beatrix confronts Dante, an arrogant drama-geek who has been chasing after the girl of his dreams since kindergarten, the lovely cheerleader, Kay Nordstrom. But once Kay finally falls for Dante, he freaks out and tries to run away. Fortunately, his friend and rival Beatrix talks some sense into him. BEATRIX: Hold it right there, Dante! I’ve watched you do this all your life, from kindergarten to the twelfth grade. But it’s not going to happen tonight. Don’t look at me like that, you know exactly what I’m talking about. Remember first grade? The lunchroom. You’re walking around begging for a chocolate chip cookie. â€Å"Oh, I’m little Dante and I’m so sad. My mommy packed nothing but veggies. Oh, I wish I had a cookie. Oh if only!† Here, Dante, I said kindly, here’s a chocolate chip cookie, and what did you say? I’m not hungry. Flash forward. Third grade, playground. It’s the game of tag. You’re it. A hundred kids are running around and you can’t catch a single one. You’re desperate, you’re panting, you’re crying for someone to slow down so that you don’t have to be it anymore. So, feeling sorry for you, because I’m an idiot, I walk right up and say, â€Å"Here Dante, I’ll be it. You can tag me.† And you say? I don’t want to tag you. That’s too easy. Whatever you can’t have, that’s what you want. That’s why you’ve said you were in love with Kay all these years. You knew, deep down that, she would never return your affection. And that made things easy and safe. Every time she ignored you, that meant that you’d never have to feel anything real. You’d never have to know what it’s like to have someone who wants to be with you, which meant that you could always be alone. But is that what you want, Dante? Look at her. You’ve been chasing Kay like she was some sort of dream. Well†¦don’t you want it to come true? Wait, why are you looking at me like that? Exploring the Monologue Beatrix is a senior in high school who has a romantic vision of the senior prom as a special event in life that should not be missed. However, the prom is canceled and she must find a way to revive it or risk losing out on this rite of passage. In this monologue, she shows a degree of maturity in understanding Dantes habit of only pursuing desires he cannot fulfill. Once they are possible, he abandons them. The performer can choose how sarcastic and mocking to be in delivering the lines. It can be played with a mix of genuine affection for Dante as a friend as well as the need to tell him the hard truth about his behavior. Promedy is published by Eldridge Plays.

Should smoking be banned Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should smoking be banned - Research Paper Example the university student smokers in this investigation as explicated by Al-Dawood reported to have started smoking between the ages of ten and fifteen (150). While this trend is continuing, it is worth noting that the negative effects of smoking are far-reaching. With regards to the extensiveness and seriousness of the effects of smoking, it is justified to allude that smoking should be banned. This paper explicates the reasons why smoking should be banned. Smoking is one of the leading causes of death according to Desapriya et-al (1158). This is in relation to second hand smoke that affects the health of individuals. In the US alone, Desapriya et-al posits that in excess of 126 million individuals are today at risk of developing health problems relating to smoking due to second hand exposure. Approximately 22 million of these are considered to be children (1158). In this viewpoint, smoking ought to be prohibited as it risks the lives of innocent children and the public as well. A large proportion of people in the world have been reported to have died as a result of second hand smoke. The incidence of these deaths are estimated to be approximately fifty thousand casualties annually in the US (1158). Prohibiting smoking especially in public places could be in line with the protection of the civil liberties of members of the public. In other words, prohibiting smoking could save the public from the harmful consequence related to second h and exposure to cigarette smoke. In the achievement of this action plan, Desapriya et-al (1158) asserts that various countries have in fact implemented strategies geared towards deterring people from smoke in public places such as workplaces and hotels. The most substantial reason that supports the prohibition of smoking is probably its effect on unborn foetuses. Smoking is considered very addictive and therefore, many female smokers face a lot of challenges in relation to relinquishing the smoking habit during pregnancy. Figures

Theatre history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theatre history - Essay Example One of these elevated stages will represent Olivia’s house and will be found at the upper right side of the arena. The lower stage, a foot lower from the other, represents the front of her house. At the extreme right of the lower stage looks like an alley where characters enters and the other end where they exit. Lights flood the stage as each character enters and delivers his or her lines. We see gothic designs in the facades (I suggest that it would be a minimalist stage, perhaps columns to represent the foundations of Olivia’s house and steps that lead to the front of her house). A tree or two (short-growing trees or shrubs, may be placed at one or opposite ends of opposite sides of the road, perhaps some props resembling a hawthorn tree, with apple-shaped, bright red resemblance of its fruit hanging on its branches). Most likely, this part of the play will take place later in the evening, perhaps a little after dinner time, that we will observe characters in the play are like having their relaxing time, in one of the dialogues Olivia reveals that she and Sebastian (mistaken as his twin Viola, who will disguise herself as Cesario) have just been married a couple of hours ago, and Toby will later be seen already drunk. Colorful medieval costumes that are common during the Elizabethan and the Renaissance theatre will be seen worn by the actors, except for Malvolio who should be wearing all black which is evocative of his character’s mood throughout the play. Music is an element predominantly present throughout the play; it is through music that the love of Orsino is magnified, the irony as well as comedy is amplified in the portrayals of Feste, Malvolio and his tricksters, and in the drunkenness and merriment of Sir Toby Belch. Music, as one of the underlying themes of the play suggests the comic as well as the tragic episodes or scenes in the play. Fast music is played every now and then, which becomes louder when a climactic episode is

Dbq on Mongol Dominance Essay Example for Free

Dbq on Mongol Dominance Essay The role of Mongol dominance in the integration of Eurasia was an important role because of inventions, their ideas, and the politics. The inventions of the Mogols helped to turn them into a huge melting pot. In document 4 we learned of their invention of the passport. This allowed people to move to travel around the empire easier with less hassle. While they moved they carried their ideas and told other about them which cause that to spread causing many diverse ideas among the people causing major diversity and diaspora of ideas. The passport was later adopted by the Europeans. In document 6 we learned about their use of moveable type. They used it to write things easily and more efficiently. They could use it to spread their ideas along to other empires and so on. The ideas of the Mongols helped them with integration too. In document 1 with the excerpt from Genghis Khan was that people should have their rights and freedoms of their own religion and none be forced upon them. So religion and cultural aspects could mix and their society would flourish. I believe he said this because he saw other civilizations fall because of internal rebellion against people trying to force people into doing something they didn’t want to do. With his system though it allowed everyone to be happy about having their religious beliefs .Also when people talked about their religion with others then that cause new religions to be made with the combining of the talked about religion . In document 5 that Mongols had ideas of knowledge and were very educated in astronomy and engineering. They were not just brutes that tore down stuff in there path and took over places just to lead them carelessly, they were the exact opposite. They were intelligent and continued to learn and become a much more sophisticated society over time. It apparently worked because in Document 3 it showed the empires that the Mongols were able to take control of because of their ideas on how to rule places you have taken over. Politics were important in their society. Document 1 it was excerpt from Genghis Khan which was like a precedent to all future Khan Rulers. It told them how to act and lead their society. In Document 2 it had information about the roles of the women in the empire. After one of the Khans’s died it was the wife’s job to make sure that her son would be heir of the throne. This kept the throne within the family. It was like insurance that the ruler ship would be left to someone who was a worthy enough to rule a huge empire. The Inventions, ideas, and politics affected the role of Mongol dominance integration of Eurasia greatly.

renewable energy :: essays research papers

Fuel Cell: Fuel cells have been known to science for 150 years and have become the subject of intense research since World War II. A fuel cell generates electricity by producing a chemical reaction. It consists of two electrodes (cathode and anode), which is also where the reaction occurs. Hydrogen is the basic fuel cell, but all fuel cells also require oxygen, and both are supplied from external reservoirs. Most of the hydrogen and oxygen used, combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely water. Therefore, fuel cells generate electricity with very little pollution. It is the purpose of the fuel cells to produce an electrical current that can be directed outside the cell to do work, such as powering light bulbs or an electric motor. There are five different fuel cells, solid oxide, alkali, proton exchange membrane (40-50% efficiency), phosphoric acid, and molten carbonate. Biomass Energy: This is one of the oldest sources of energy known to man. Biomass energy is energy from organic matter. The organic matter contains stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. Biomass fuel, which can be a liquid, solid, or gas, comes from plants, residues from agriculture or forestry, and the organic component of municipal and industrial wastes. Even the fumes from the landfills can be used. When the fuel is burned, the energy is released. The use of this energy has potential to greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The waste generates about the same amount of carbon dioxide as fossil fuels but as the plants grow (for biomass purposes), carbon dioxide will be removed from the atmosphere. This is the major source of energy in the developing world. Wind Energy: Surface air currents that are warmed by solar rays create wind, which is an indirect source of energy. Wind farms consist of many

Huckleberry Finn Ending Controversy

Mark Twain is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the history of the United States, having spun many memorable and iconic tales in his own creative and unique style. Held high in this position as a great â€Å"American† novelist, Twain flirted with the creation of a universal masterpiece in his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. However, critics disagree on whether or not Twain’s work with Huckleberry Finn truly reaches the stature of a masterpiece, and that disagreement stems from the course the author chose for his conclusion. T. S Eliot finds Twain’s ending to be true to his style and the rest of the novel.Leo Marx finds that the ending abandons the apparent goals of the novel, leaving the work short of excellence. Twain ventured into the arena of greatness by combining two timelessly classic elements, and casting them as the central â€Å"characters† of his work. According to Eliot, Twain uses the â€Å"character† of the Mis sissippi River to relate to all nature, and he uses the title character of Huckleberry Finn to relate to the boy of mankind. Twain uses the former to guide the story and the latter to experience it. He engages the reader with his signature, easily accessed narrative and builds a strong foundation from these two universal elements.The only real question is the payoff; can the strength of the beginning be carried through to the end? This is where debate ensues, for Twain seemingly departs from the path he has laid throughout the novel to bring the story to resolution in a manner consistent with Twain’s writing, but not so much with the established course of this novel. Critics, such as T. S. Eliot, see the story’s ending, filled with the game-like attempts of the Tom Sawyer to free Jim, as a way to bring the reader back to the feelings of the beginning of the novel. It is a position with which I cannot disagree more.Instead, it is the view of Leo Marx that I see as the b est dissection of the ending of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, one filled with flaws, significant enough that they â€Å"jeopardize the significance of the entire novel. † (Marx 291) Marx points out that the beginning of Huck’s journey with Jim has one specific goal, the goal to get Jim to freedom. This is made clear when Huck discovers the Duke and the Dauphin have sold Jim, causing Huck to say: After all this long journey . . . here was it all come to nothing, everything all busted up and ruined, because they could have the heart to erve Jim such a trick as that, and make him a slave again all his life, and amongst strangers, too, for forty dirty dollars. (199) Marx states â€Å"Huck knows that the journey will have been a failure unless it takes Jim to freedom. (294) However, at the end of the book we discover through Tom that Jim is already free. The impact of this revelation threatens the entire purpose of the journey, and diminishes the events along the way . Possibly the most disappointing aspect of the ending is Tom’s plan to free Jim from the barn. Filled with humor and games, the freeing of Huck’s close friend is made into a joke.This comes after the fact that (1), Huck has made his journey down the river a quest for Jim’s freedom, and (2), Huck’s â€Å"growth in stature† (as characterized by Marx, p. 296) has elevated the tone of the story beyond farce. Two of the most prominent examples of this growth — Huck’s decision to â€Å"go to hell† rather than let Jim be sold back into slavery, and his sorrow felt for the Duke and Dauphin while seeing them run out of town, tarred and feathered, by the angry townsfolk – are trivialized for the sake of a few laughs at the end. We believe that we have experienced a metamorphosis of Huck.Starting as a naive and ignorant child, skeptical about the ways of society, we are lead to believe that Huck finally has a grasp on what it mean s to be human, as well as a â€Å"mature blending of his instinctive suspicion of human motives with his capacity for pity. † (Marx 295) Huck’s participation in Tom’s scheme not only sacrifices the character growth that seemed a central theme of Twain’s story to that point, but also seems to represent a mishandling of the conflict identified by Marx the difference between â€Å"what people do when they behave as individuals and what they do when forced into roles imposed upon them by society. (Marx 300) Huck is well aware of his goal: freedom for Jim. The relapse of his character without equal awareness is inexplicable without explanation from the author. As Marx points out: The conflict between what people think they stand for and what social pressure forces them to do is central to the novel. It is present to the mind of Huck and, indeed, accounts for his most serious inner conflicts. He knows how he feels about Jim, but he knows what he is expected to do about Jim. 300) The idea of freedom in the minds of Huck and Jim are different from the simple definition of freedom, â€Å"for freedom in this book specifically means freedom from society and its imperatives† according to Marx (p. 303) The freedom sought by Huck and Jim is freedom both in the literal sense of being free from slavery, and in the figurative sense of being free from society’s expectations. However, given Huck’s questionable decision to go along with Tom, Huck gives into social pressure once again.He has given in to they ways which we were lead to believe he had overcome; he has given into the one convention he set out to escape from in the first place. It is with the appearance of Tom, that Huck’s quest for freedom no longer seems so important, even though he was previously willing to â€Å"go to hell† for what he had so diligently fought for along the way. The idea, the goal, is devalued for no clear reason. Such a departure of character cannot go simply unaddressed by the author.With Huck shifting back into the childish role we observed in the beginning of the novel, we also see yet another character simultaneously regressing, Jim. The tedious, degrading actions of the boys, in an effort to free Jim, are at first noted by Jim as such. However, he quickly becomes inexplicably submissive and accepting of what the boys are doing to him. This bears no resemblance to the Jim presented to the reader when the two companions were on the river. Twice Huck plays practical jokes on Jim, and twice Jim calls him out as being disrespectful, hurtful, and inconsiderate.And now, with freedom ever so close, the reader is expected accept that Jim’s passion for freedom and intolerance of nonsense has too vanished along with the maturity of Huck. Exactly how Twain expects this to be believable by the readers is questionable, unfortunately an answer is never offered. Instead, Twain seemingly dismisses the growth of his protagonists and resorts to the easy western comedy style from earlier in the novel. In the view of Eliot, this return to the introductory feel of the novel is a perfect example of great literary form.Instead, this return is nothing more than the apparent defeat of our seemingly maturing protagonist. Eliot’s argument that this return is of great form causes Marx to note in rebuttal, â€Å"A unified work must surely manifest coherence of meaning and clear development of theme,† and this regression of character fails to do either. With the ending of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being so clearly chronicled by Marx as a failure to complete the initiated theme, it is left only to see Eliot’s argument for the greatness of the ending as an argument refuted.As clear as Marx’s chronicle, it is equally clear that â€Å"Huck Finn’s besetting problem [is] the disparity between his best impulses and the behavior the community attempted to impose upon him †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Marx 304). It is this disparity that needs resolution in order to have a proper ending to Huckleberry Finn. It is the transformation of the character, Huck Finn, through progression, not regression that would make the book a pure work of excellence.

Jean Paul Sartre Essay

For Jean Paul Sartre, existence meant to become progressively more individualistic (Sartre, 175). Sartre believed this individualistic existence caused everyone to travel along a path toward self-realization and this process, he noted, had three stages. These stages being, Ethical, Religious and Aesthetic, as â€Å"All human beings are currently at one of this stages, depending on the extent to which they have achieved their life-project (Sartre, 175). † By more individualistic, Kiekega means that through each stage individual gain a higher understanding of self than they had before and it is through the privileged perspective provided by the assessment of and graduation from the previous stage that allows the person to attain this new form of self. Sartre goes on to further note that, â€Å"Each stage is a way of seeing life, a way of understanding the world. They are different ways of living out one’s existence, independent spheres of life, situations which embody a certain stability. Living fully in the aesthetic sphere will never lead to the ethical one, and the upholding of ethics will never open the door to religion. † He closes by pointing out that no one stage can completely dominate and individual’s life and if one were to allows this to happen they would stay stagnant and not progress through the stages. The first stage of Sartre’s progression of existential stages is aesthetics recognized as the ‘immersion in sensuous experience; valorization of possibility over actuality; egotism; fragmentation of the subject of experience; nihilistic wielding of irony and skepticism; and flight from boredom (Stanford, p1). † This stage of existence is a very selfish one that involves excessive self-indulgence. Sartre refers to temptation and the appreciation and distraction of beauty a lot in this section. Ethics in Sartre’s work has more than one meaning, â€Å"It is used to denote both: (i) a limited existential sphere, or stage, which is superseded by the higher stage of the religious life; and (ii) an aspect of life which is retained even within the religious life (Stanford, p1). † This is basically the stage where one starts to asses their life and view themselves objectively. It is recognized as the stage of reasoning this stage is ‘limited’ in that it is the stage that comes before the religious stage, but it is retained within the religious stage in that the traits used in the ethical stage must also be used to make the valuable choices in the religious stage. Ultimately the final obligation to transition from Ethics into the religious stage is to completely relinquish one’s reliance on reason for one’s trust in faith. The final stage of existence that Sartre recognizes is the stage of Religion, and specifically Christianity. Sartre believed the most important aspect of this stage, and in life in general, was faith and the passion one has for being morally responsible. It is also in this stage that Sartre stresses the value of choice. As noted, â€Å"Anxiety is a two-sided emotion: on one side is the dread burden of choosing for eternity; on the other side is the exhilaration of freedom in choosing oneself. Choice occurs in the instant, which is the point at which time and eternity intersect — for the individual creates through temporal choice a self which will be judged for eternity (Stanford, p1). † Here we see the concept of self changing once again and the self that was once perceived objectively with eyes looking from the Ethical stage onto the aesthetic stage from a more intellectual position, now in the religious stage is much more spiritual. Aesthetics/Ethics It is through the stage of ethics that aesthetics is recognized for its shallow and delusional ways. â€Å"This type of aestheticism is criticized from the point of view of ethics. It is seen to be emptily self-serving and escapist. It is a despairing means of avoiding commitment and responsibility (Stanford, p1). † Despite the selfish nature of the aesthetic stage Keirkegaard does not completely disregard its value, he recognizes that the aesthetic stage of existence is what makes the higher stages of existence necessary. This can specifically been seen with the transitional relationship between the aesthetic stage and the ethical stage. The stages work together by canceling each other out within other stages. For example, it’s noted in Sartre’s pseudo-dialectic that â€Å"the aesthetic and the ethical are both annulled and preserved in their synthesis in the religious stage. † This is how the transition between the ethical and the religious stage comes about in that the religious stage encompasses room for both previous stages within its borders. Descartes like Sartre is a highly respected philosophical thinker. His most famous work Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations On First Philosophy). Published in 1641, poses the main argument that â€Å"Every belief based on the senses (beliefs about the external world) is such that we could conceive it to be false (Descartes, p1). † By the external world being debatable, then one is forced to contemplate and examine the existence of reality. This closely relates to Sartre’s’s concept that the aesthetic stage can only be assessed from the ethical stage. Descartes adopts the ideal that one can only know they exist for sure through the process of examination one’s life through thought, because the existence of one’s thoughts is undeniable and not debatable. I can relate to Sartre’s ideas in that they are universal and applicable to every individual. The main concept they teach is the value of moderation. The fact that no one stage can on its own dominate one’s life completely. The religious stage is not at all relevant in one’s life without the conflict drawn from the clash between the aesthetic and the ethical. Without the aesthetic there is no need to stop outside of one’s own pursuit of personal pleasure to become self-aware, and without this reasoning one c an never become aware of the choices available to them to achieve salvation in the religious stage. I do think since Sartre was such a proponent of the Christian faith, there is no reason why his thinking can’t be promoted more in the church. For the most part many Christian churches avoid this type of in depth assessment as it pertains to individual growth. In sum, Sartre’s philosophies have stood the test of time because they are still applicable. His work pays homage to Descartes, as well as Socrates, who both promote the importance of the examined life. Walking through one’s life blindly only in the pursuit of meager pleasures or even over analyzing one’s every experience without fully embracing the moment, both can be detrimental to the value of one’s existence. Sartre, like many of the philosophers before him, has setup a model that all individuals can live by, and each stage feeds off the one prior. In addition to teaching that there is a value in our actions, Sartre also proves that there is a path to better understanding of one’s self through the constant self-evalutions of those actions. Work Cited SARTRE, S. , La maladie a la mort, in Oeuvres Completes, Editions de L’Orante, Paris, 1984, vol. 16, p. 175. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy â€Å"Jean Paul Sartre† First published Tue Dec 3, 1996; substantive revision Fri May 8, 2009 (Stanford, 2009)

Destiny essays

Destiny essays What is destiny? To many people it is how they live their lives. They believe that everyones life has its own destiny or course. According to Websters Dictionary destiny is a predetermined course of events often held to be an irresistible power or agency. (Websters Dictionary) In other words our destiny is out fate. It could either be a good thing or a bad thing and to most people it has already been decided by a Supreme Being or God. But that is just the pessimistic view on destiny. Others believe that one can decide his or her own destiny. A person just has to know how to control it and become a master of it. I personally believe that one can control his or her own destiny. That is if you strive to do that yourself. If you just live your life expecting that everything will fall in your lap you are wrong. Nothing in life is pre-destined as in the people you meet, the jobs you get or the person you marry. If that were to be true then everyone would be happy, that is if your destiny is for you to be happy. I think that the notion of destiny is just an excuse that people use for the misfortunes or fortunes that they encounter. During the course of ones life you can began to make your own destiny. From childhood up to the point where you die you always have aspirations for yourself and that makes the person strive for it, not because you were put on this earth for that particular reason. Evolution proceeds under a law as unerring as any well-established scientific law, namely, that of karma or the law of cause and effect. Each action, each desire, each thought, produces its result with unfailing certainty. "As a person sows, so shall he also reap." This makes perfection possible, for knowledge is power, and when a person knows the law and works with it, he can produce any result he chooses, he becomes master of his destiny. (Encyclopedia of Philosophy) It is impossible for anyone to become a master o...

Getting Started With Student Portfolios

Getting Started With Student Portfolios There are many wonderful benefits to having students create portfoliosone is the enhancement of critical thinking skills which results from the need for students to develop evaluation criteria. You can also use this criteria to evaluate their work and engage in self-reflection about their progress. Additionally, students are pleased to observe their personal growth, they tend to  have better attitudes toward their work, and they are more likely to think of themselves as writers. The payoff for using portfolios becomes concrete when students discover they can earn college credit and, in some cases, skip a freshman writing class by creating a top notch writing portfolio while they are still in high school.    Before proceeding with assigning a portfolio, familiarize yourself with the rules and credit requirements for such a project. Theres little point to requiring this work from students if theyre not properly credited or dont understand the assignment.   Working Student Portfolio A working portfolio, often a simple file folder containing all the students work, is helpful when used in conjunction with the evaluation portfolio; you can start it prior to deciding what youll require in the evaluation portfolio and thus protect work from being lost. Arrangements must be made, however, to store folders in the classroom. Students at all levels generally become proud as they watch their work accumulateeven students who rarely work will be amazed to see five or more assignments that they actually finished. Getting Started With Student Portfolios There are three main factors that go into the development of a student portfolio assessment. First, you must decide on the purpose of your students  portfolios. For example, the portfolios might be used to show student growth, to identify weak spots in student work, and/or to evaluate your own teaching methods. After deciding the purpose of the portfolio, you will need to determine how you are going to grade it. In other words, what would a student need in their portfolio for it to be considered a success and for them to earn a passing grade? The answer to the previous two questions helps form the answer to the third: What should be included in the portfolio? Are you going to have students put in all  of  their work or only certain assignments? Who gets to choose? By answering the above questions, you are able to start student portfolios off on the right foot. A big mistake some teachers make is to just jump into student portfolios without thinking through exactly how they are going to manage them. To help you answer these questions, you might find it helpful to review the Portfolio Planning Checklist and Suggested Portfolio Items for each kind of portfolio students will keep. If done in a focused way, creating student portfolios will be a rewarding experience for both student and teacher.

The effects of Asda's Social Responsibility Policy on the business Dissertation

The effects of Asda's Social Responsibility Policy on the business Practice - Dissertation Example The study adopted a qualitative approach and this study was based purely on secondary data. Secondary data was obtained through different sources which helped in triangulating the data and in conducting the analysis. The study finds that CSR has a major role in enhancing corporate performance which stretches beyond financial performance. Corporations, by addressing their duties towards all the stakeholders, fulfill their legal responsibilities and duties as corporate citizens. ASDA too has been able to achieve this because of its CSR strategy which is sustainable. They have integrated and embedded CSR into their overall business right and it is not implemented for the purpose of public relations or with selfish motives. CSR plays a critical role in bringing continuous improvement in Asda’s market performance. ASDA has been able to bring change in its organizational practices, change in managerial attitude which has helped them demonstrate their readiness to respond to the chan ging business environment. ASDA does have self-motivating reasons for making environmental and social contributions, but these do not impact the quality of contribution to the society and the planet. The study concluded by highlighting the limitations of the study and by making recommendations for further study on the subject. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the Study 3 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 3 1.4 Research Questions 4 1.5 Structure of the Study 4 Chapter II Literature Review 2.1 Definitions 6 2.2 Advantages of CSR and Corporate Citizenship 11 2.3 CSR in Retail Sector in Europe 12 2.4 CSR in Food Retail 13 2.5 Stakeholders’ Theory 14 2.6 Corporate Ethics 15 2.7 Sustainability 16 2.8 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Research Philosophy 17 3.2 Research Phenomenon 17 3.3 Research Design 17 3.4 Choice of Method 18 3.5 Research Approach 18 3.6 Data Collection 19 3.7 Justification for Literature Review 19 3.8 Justi fication for Secondary Research 20 3.9 Sources of Secondary Data 21 3.10 Data Analysis 22 3.11 Reliability & Validity 23 3.12 Ethical Concerns 23 Chapter IV Findings & Discussions 4.1 Findings 24 4.2 Discussion 31 Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 37 5.2 Limitations of the Study 39 5.3 Recommendations for further study 40 5.4 Reflective Thinking 40 References 41 Figure 2.1 Carroll's Pyramid 9 Table 2.1 The Grid of Corporate Citizenship Values 9 Figure 2.1 The ‘Rationale Triangle’ 10 Table 2.2 CSR initiatives by large Corporations 13 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Companies are individual legal entities and hence can be considered to be corporate citizens with legal rights and duties (Marsden and Andriof, 1998). Citizenship entails active commitment and responsibility. It means to make a difference in the society, in the community or the world in which one lives. Good corporate citizenship, therefore, requires understanding and managing the o rganization’s influences on and relationship with the rest of the society so as to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts. Organizations hence need to have self-motivating reasons for making environmental and social contributions. Mounting pressure from people, individuals and groups have urged businesses to be economically, environmentally and socially sustainable, to be transparent in their dealings and to be ethical and more equitable (Batten and Brich, 2005). Corporate citizenshi

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY COURSEWORK Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - Coursework Example Average Lifetime for CH4 is 8.13 years, in this case it’s a first order chemical loss for X(CH4) With Rate Constant KC=3Ãâ€"10-15, The chemical loss is L=Kcm so that Tc is simply the inverse of the rate constant (Naylor, 1995) (a) The most abundant oxidants in the Earths atmosphere are O2(oxygen), O3(ozone) and OH(hydroxyl ) Radical group. These oxidants have large bond energies and are hence relatively unreactive except toward radicals (O2 only toward highly unstable radicals). With a few exceptions, oxidation of non-radical atmospheric species by O2 or O3 is negligibly slow. Of the three, OH radical is identified as a strong oxidant in the stratosphere. OH reacts rapidly with most reduced non-radical species, and is particularly reactive toward H-containing molecules due to H-abstraction reactions converting OH to H2O. Oxygen and Ozone:O2 and O3-oxygen is a principal constituent of dry air, accounting for 21% of the atmospheric volume, atmospheric oxygen is regulated by a slow atmospheric lithosphere cycle involving conversion of O2 to Carbon dioxide. Elements that combine with oxygen remove it from atmosphere; these are described as oxygen sinks, oxygen also combines with other elements to make oxides, the process of chemical change involving oxygen molecules and electrons is both oxidation and reduction, thus its relative activity in the atmosphere (Naylor, 1995) Ozone is generated by the energetic action of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) on Ordinary Oxygen in the presence of stabilizing agent like Nitrogen. The reaction is reversible and O3 reverts to diatomic oxygen. It’s a strong oxidizing agent readily reacting with other chemical compounds to make toxic oxides, it’s also responsible in providing the strong oxidant OH and its also an important greenhouse gas, however its being depleted at high rate due to emissions due to human